Unlocking the Power of Self-Regulation: Dr. Barkley's Theory of Executive Functioning in ADHD
Ever wonder how our brains manage our thoughts, actions, and emotions? Dr. Barkley's groundbreaking theory of executive functioning (EF) sheds light on this intricate dance, particularly in the context of ADHD.
Imagine EF as a multi-layered orchestra. Each instrument, representing an EF skill, plays a crucial role in the overall symphony of self-regulation. This symphony helps us achieve long-term goals, prioritize tasks, navigate challenges, and ultimately, thrive.
But how does EF relate to ADHD? Dr. Barkley argues that EF deficits play a central role in the disorder. He defines EF as an "action-to-the-self", meaning it's our internal compass, guiding us towards desired outcomes.
Think of a child impulsively reaching for a cookie. An underdeveloped EF would be like a weak conductor, unable to stop the impulsive action and guide the child towards healthy alternatives.
Dr. Barkley identifies 7 core EFs:
Activation: Initiating and sustaining effort. (Imagine a conductor raising the baton, ready to start the performance.)
Planning: Setting goals and formulating strategies. (The score, guiding the orchestra through each movement.)
Inhibition: Stopping unwanted thoughts or actions. (A timely pause in the music, preventing chaos.)
Time Management: Estimating duration and pacing activities accordingly. (The conductor's metronome, keeping everyone in sync.)
Emotional Control: Managing emotions and responding appropriately. (The orchestra's dynamics, adjusting to emotional shifts in the music.)
Shifting: Flexibly transitioning between tasks or ideas. (The conductor seamlessly moving from one section of the piece to another.)
Working Memory: Holding information in mind for immediate use. (The music stand, providing quick reference during the performance.)
These 7 EFs, through complex interactions, eventually condense into 5 observable skill sets in daily life:
Problem solving: Analysing situations and formulating solutions.
Goal-directed persistence: Staying focused and motivated until goals are reached.
Emotional regulation: Managing emotions effectively in different situations.
Self-monitoring: Awareness of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
Flexibility: Adapting to changing demands and circumstances.
Understanding Dr. Barkley's theory of EF empowers us to:
Better understand ADHD challenges: By recognising the underlying EF deficits, we can develop targeted interventions and support strategies.
Promote self-regulation skills: Through various training techniques, individuals with ADHD can strengthen their EFs and gain greater control over their behaviour.
Build a more supportive environment: Recognising the role of EF in ADHD can help families, educators, and professionals create environments that foster self-regulation and success.
This video explores the relationship between ADHD and the executive system, arguing that ADHD is not primarily an attention disorder but rather an "intention deficit disorder."
Key points:
The video introduces three key concepts for understanding ADHD: inhibition (stopping behaviour), self-regulation (directing behaviour towards oneself), and executive function (actions taken on oneself to change future behaviour).
Each of these five executive abilities develops sequentially over time, with the first appearing at around 3 months of age and the final one reaching maturity around 30 years old.
ADHD is characterized by a 30-40% lag in this development, leading to difficulties with:
Controlling impulses and responding to immediate rewards over delayed gratification.
Using past experiences (hindsight) to inform future decisions (foresight).
Self-regulating behavior through internal rules and language.
Generating multiple solutions and planning for the future.
This inability to "look ahead" and organize for the future is what the speaker argues makes ADHD an "intention deficit disorder."
People with ADHD struggle to maintain goals and organize their behavior across time, leading to difficulties with planning, time management, and following through on tasks.
